While offering substantial benefits to an emerging Myanmar, the country’s natural resources and strategic proximity to regional powers also make the regime in Naypyidaw nervous. Inherent in the Burmese psyche is a historical antipathy and insecurity regarding external exposure, which at times has led to an anti-mercantile outlook and a stubborn tendency toward self-sufficiency. Bitter memories of colonial exploitation and ongoing armed conflict with insurgents in the porous borderlands have intensified this national insecurity and undermined any concerted effort to build a modern nation-state. As a result, the country has been in self-imposed isolation, for the most part, for the past 60 years.

This appears to be changing. With a national reconciliation currently underway, the central government is trying to build relationships with the outside world and unlock Myanmar’s growth potential by increasing trade and foreign investment. This desire has been evident in the launching of or planning for a host of ambitious infrastructure development projects and the creation of special economic zones. At the same time, Naypyidaw has begun amending its regulatory environment to make it more business friendly and open to the outside world. While Myanmar’s current emergence looks promising, there is still a chance that ethnic divisions and perceived external threats could turn the regime ever more inward.